Climate Change And Its Impact On Ski Industry Tourism Essay Essays

Climate Change And Its Impact On Ski Industry Tourism Essay Essays Climate Change And Its Impact On Ski Industry Tourism Essay Essay Climate Change And Its Impact On Ski Industry Tourism Essay Essay This essay negotiations about the presence of clime alteration and its impact on ski industry which is dependent activity on conditions conditions. Global heating has been considered as a mega hazard and it has a inclination to be lasting and therefore it is highly complicated to mensurate its results. As Nicholls ( 2006 ) mentioned, clime alteration is today strongly accepted by many universe s scientists and authoritiess as an issue of enormous dismay for the people worldwide. This essay considers different theoretical accounts of possible impacts of planetary warming on different parts of the universe. Steyger and Mayers ( 2008 ) said that since the 1990s the likely dependance of snow touristry to climate alteration has received greater watchfulness in the media. Increasing figure of writers focus on this affair every bit good as on the adaptation schemes of ski resorts. This paper demonstrates that planetary heating is a job which forced bulk of ski resorts all over the universe to react to endure alterations in order to last. Essay negotiations about options that are available to ski resorts and brings on the treatment of their use and their effectivity. Ski resorts all over the universe are likely to see a loss of snow consistence and that is why supervising of ski parts has to be more witting when it comes to future of snow conditions in their geographics country. Global heating s impact on ski industry Models of projected results of planetary heating Climate every bit good as the natural environment associated with conditions alteration can probably to impact alfresco leisure and touristry. Businesss linked to skiing industry are mostly exposed to the projected impacts of planetary heating because skiing is an activity dependant on clime conditions. Bricknell and McManus ( 2006 ) considered that it is one of the first and the most visibly wedged industries by the hazard of planetary warming worldwide. Folland et Al ( 2001 ) as mentioned in Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) stated that one-year snow cover degree in the Northern hemisphere has decreased by about 10 % since 1966 and besides that old decennary was wetter and warmer compared to the anterior 30-year period in whole Europe. Global heating has already affected and will most likely carry on with impacting physical and natural systems all over the universe. As Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) refered to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC, 2001 ) , the expected effects of pl anetary warming include a proposed encouragement of globally averaged outside temperature by 1.4 to 5.8 A ; deg ; C between old ages 1990 and 2100 which would besides perchance take to sea flat rise of 0.88m globally. ZAMG ( 2007 ) as cited in Breiling s and Charamza ( 1999 ) found out that because of planetary warming the line of usual snowfall steadiness will raise by about 150 m of height per 1 A ; deg ; C of warming. For better image, low attitude ski resorts are those below 1800-2000 m and therefore, the bulk of ski resorts in the universe. Not to advert Breiling s and Charamza s ( 1999 ) appraisal that a 1 A ; deg ; C rise in mean temperatures with winter drouth may cut down the continuance of snow screen by 50 % at heights in scope of 1400 1600 m. For illustration, Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) estimated that no more than 63 % of the full Swiss ski parts will be snow consistent one time a temperature rise by 2 A ; deg ; C, non to advert the impact in the worst instance and t herefore, in addition of temperature by 5.8 A ; deg ; C, taking to account IPCC s theoretical account. If we link these few findings together, we may reason that in the worst fortunes, the natural snow dependableness will lift by 870m of height by twelvemonth 2100 which would intend that ski resorts of height about 2000m may stop up with every bit much snow as heights in parts about 1000m today. Larsson ( 2003 ) concentrated his research on clime alteration adaptation in Canada and the findings are really similar to of those in Europe. He used theoretical account of McCarthy s ( 2001 ) research which estimated that planetary heating in Arctic land countries may go theatrical by twelvemonth 2080. Summer temperatures would increase by 4.0-7.5 A ; deg ; C, winter temperatures by 2.5-14.0 A ; deg ; C. These Numberss are even more. If these anticipations are about to be fulfilled, it would take to runing of permafrost, taking to dirty with condensed bearing capacity in ice rich countries and active parts of irregular permafrost. Additionally as he found out, the planetary heating effects may diminish periods of utmost cold and on other manus addition frequence of utmost heat in North America. Turning sea degrees and danger of rainstorm class, and therefore danger of coastal implosion therapy, fluctuations in timing, regularity and badness of deluging linked to rainstorms are li kely to go a world. Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) mentioned that harmonizing to Mendelsohn and Markowski ( 1999 ) , planetary heating would most probably have an consequence on out-of-door leisure in three ways in the hereafter. These include handiness of leisure possibilities throughout longer summer seasons and shorter winter seasons. The comfort in general, satisfaction of leisure activities and the quality of the leisure experience. These sort of alterations will bring forth victors every bit good as also-rans as diverse kinds of outside diversion activities involve dissimilar climatic conditions. These results are though generalizations that may be applicable at corporate degree, whilst it would anticipate big territory and neighboring fluctuations between different touristry activities. All of the above findings are dismaying for winter touristry finishs and therefore directions of ski countries have to be really cognizant of possible impact of clime alteration on their ski musca volitanss as the snow is cardinal facet of ski touristry. Snow conditions as a cardinal factor Winter touristry is in many ways reliant on natural characteristics such as terrain, lift or perpendicular autumn. On other manus, even more important characteristics are upwind conditions, and therefore temperatures, airstream and snowfall. With lessening in snow screen, whatever the terrain or perpendicular autumn may be, it is about impossible to develop any ski chances. More writers agreed that snow screen is a cardinal variable for consumers to make up ones mind where to ski. Suggestions that impacts on planetary heating on winter touristry can be important are evident from research from different parts of the universe. For illustration, Fukushima et Al ( 2002 ) as expressed in Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) formed the interactions linking air heat, rainfall, snow strength and the sum of skiers at seven different ski resorts in Japan. They found out that the figure of skiers decreased by 30 % when temperature increased by 3-C. Godfrey ( 1999 ) found out that one of the most of import facets act uponing finish picks of English skiers traveling to Canada is snow conditions. These findings strengthen an statement that snow conditions and snow screen may be regarded as the most of import factor for any ski resort. As discussed and illustrated before, the phenomenon of planetary heating may, and most probably will hold a immense impact on snow conditions in mountains and ski countries and therefore it will besides hold important influence on concerns of new every bit good as matured ski finishs. Majority of them started to experience impacts of planetary heating and they are seeking to happen solutions in order to react to endure alterations so they have better opportunity to last and maintain their concerns alive. The inquiry is, is all it possible even without non adequate natural snowfall? Adaptation by ski industry Artificial snow-making Steiger and Mayer ( 2008 ) concentrated their research on Austria s and Swiss s ski industry and stated that technically created snow is the most used change attack for remarkably hot winter seasons. Nicholls ( 2006 ) who researched clime alteration and its impact on out-of-door touristry in Europe said that cardinal technological change to snow absence is the execution of unreal snow-making installations. Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) considered that the most general version to snow-deficient winters in Sweden is besides unreal snow-making. The pattern of snowmaking is progressively characteristic for the Australian ski industry excessively ( Bricknell and McManus, 2006 ) . Snowmaking may be used non merely to act upon ski season continuances but besides to cut down snow changeableness throughout the season. This is viewed as an insurance policy for get the better ofing the undependability of seasons and covering with the possible impacts of clime alteration. Snowmaking could be conside red short to medium-term version attack, non merely for low height ski finishs but every bit good as for financially strong year-around resorts at higher heights ( Nicholls, 2006 ) . For case, in Austria about 60 % of the ski countries are covered by unreal snow-making installations ( FSO, 2007 in Steyger and Mayer, 2008 ) . But the distribution of snow-making can non be related to planetary heating as tendencies in touristry, position, and competitory advantage are important characteristics. Steiger and Mayer ( 2008 ) said that ski resorts are forced to construct up snow-making capablenesss with cost for their fiscal strength as warm winters are going more common than in the yesteryear. However the possible aid of this machinery to the practicableness of winter touristry finishs have yet to be formed by research workers as the important outgos are linked with this step. For case, about 27 % of ski resorts in Switzerland have a decreased hard currency watercourse already and most do non look to be feasible without aid ( Seilbahnen Schweiz 2006 in Steiger and Mayer, 2008 ) . Elsasser and Burki ( 2002 ) and Scott et Al. ( 2003 ) as described in Nicholls ( 2006 ) , stated that snowmaking comfortss are dearly-won to assemble and preserve, and need important sums of H2O and power to work. For that ground, many of the little and in-between scope ski resorts would non hold adequate money for the execution of such engineering. Use of snow-making engineering In readying for the skiing season of 2006-2007 the Austria s Tyrolean ski industry invested EUR 55 million in snowmaking, with EUR 270 million in overall investings even though, the past winter seasons had brought sufficient snowfall yet at lower lifts ( Tiroler Tageszeitung 2006 as illustrated in Steyger and Mayers, 2008 ) . This points out that while the operators observe clime fortunes as on a regular basis excessively bleary and unsure, they are good cognizant of planetary heating and are seeking for version schemes. Besides, medium-term investing schemes are non tailored, as there is a batch of assurance in the betterment capacities of snowmaking machinery with a clear perceivable hole between conditions alteration and economic investing stages ( Mayer et al 2007 in Steiger and Mayer, 2008 ) . As they mentioned, while the hapless winter seasons at the terminal of the 1980s sparked unreal snowmaking in Tyrol, extra distribution was non related to endure capriciousness and planeta ry heating scenarios. On other manus, there is inclination to provide even of course snow consistent ski resorts in high height countries higher than 2000m or in even 2500m with snow-making comfortss. These lifts may be regarded as of course snow consistent even in pessimistic planetary heating scenarios. As they said, snow-making comfortss can be besides used as publicity instrument to be a magnet for tourers, to construct repute and to keep monetary values higher than it would by and large be. These resources could possibly be used in more sustainable manner than merely unneeded use of H2O wealth and other hurts of snow guns. Snow-making guns are non needfully used in order merely to do ski inclines useable for longer period of clip. Main enthusiasm for the alone diffusion of snowmakers are that snowmaking should procure tourer capacity ingestion, overseas telegram auto companies grosss, and images of resorts in which domestic every bit good as international ski competition go on . Furthermore, it ought to vouch wide environment for learning and exerting of winter athleticss. How is planetary warming related to diffusion of snow-making installations? Austria s instance is different as there are many high-level ski resorts but Bricknell and McManus ( 2006 ) interviewed CEOs of three different ski resorts in Australia on this issue. CEOs assured that snowmaking engineering may assist to contradict jutting clime alteration impacts. The Chief executive officer of one resort suggested that, under planetary heating, snowmaking conditions may be unaffected or even improved because drier colder darks are good for snow-making which would help the long term viability of the industry. The Chief executive officer of 2nd resort noted that snowmaking is a necessary investing regardless of the possible impacts of clime alteration due to current consumer demands on the industry. CEO of 3rd resort nevertheless, argued that planetary heating could hold important impact on unreal snow-making as this engineering still depends on clime conditions and therefore it still would non needfully get the better of the issue. Global heating and unreal snow-making Global heating may act upon snowmaking in few ways. Decrease in natural snowfall would necessitate more snowmaking ; addition in mean temperatures would diminish the length and sum of possibilities and hike the disbursals of doing snow ; and fluctuations in rainfall may straiten the H2O supply for snowmaking ( Scott et al. , 2006 in Moen and Fredman, 2007 ) . Analysiss in North America have exposed that unreal snowmaking can significantly decrease the pessimistic results of clime alteration but merely if the temperature stays adequately low ( Scott, 2006 ; Scott et al. , 2006 in Moen and Fredman, 2007 ) . Nicholls ( 2006 ) stated that unreal snow-making demands certain climatic milieus, as for illustration minimal temperatures to be met and therefore, this system may in several fortunes be prohibited beside the addition in warmth related to the planetary heating. The most of import thing about snow-making is that snow guns and their use are limited by conditions conditions ( Steiger and Mayer, 2008 ) . High-quality snow can be accomplished with snow creative activity get downing below -6 A ; deg ; C at mean humidness. On top of that, snowmaking conditions are prejudiced by heat and wetness ; if the air is wetter, lower temperatures are required. With recent snowmaking tools snow can be produced below -5 A ; deg ; C. Fliri s ( 1974 ) conditions tabular arraies as expressed in Steiger and Mayer ( 2008 ) show a strong connexion between -2 A ; deg ; C day-to-day mean temperature and -6 A ; deg ; C daily lowest temperature ( Nicholls, 2006 ) . Days making the threshold of -2 A ; deg ; C day-to-day mean temperature are defined as prospective snowmaking yearss with best snowmaking conditions. Additionally, snowmaking is merely considered realistic if it can poise out the loss during snowmelt. Therefore for bulk of low-level ski resorts this scheme does non piece up the issue of planetary heating for long term and they have to get down to look for other strategic options in order to get the better of the jobs of extremum season shortness and falling visitant Numberss as a consequence of clime alteration. Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) adopted from Burki et Al ( 2003 ) some other adaptation schemes ski resorts may see. Apart from snow-making, resorts could concentrate on different activities in order to carry through consumer demands and to last on competitory concern market. Slope development and operational patterns At active ski countries, incline enlargement changes consist of: incline contouring, landscape gardening, and the defense mechanism of glaciers. Contouring or flatting ski inclines could be preparing inclines in the summer season to extinguish stones or bush flora, to cut down the snow astuteness needed to run and stand for a cost economy attack for snowmaking ( Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . Land contouring can besides be used to capture snowmelt and exceed up snowmaking armored combat vehicles during the winter. Strategic placing and planting of tree screen can capture traveling snow and to some extent somberness ski inclines, which would cut down snowmelt and snowmaking demands. Additionally to the accommodation of already runing skiable environment, the enlargement of new skiable terrain in climatically privileged sites is by and large cited as an change to climate alteration. The development of north confronting inclines, which retain snowpack thirster, is one scheme excessively. A s Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) realised, more writers agreed that enlargement of ski countries into higher lifts, with by and large more dependable snow screen, where a longer ski season is possible, seems to be one of the cardinal clime alteration version schemes considered by ski country operators in the European Alps. Thirty six ski countries in Austria were expecting mandate to develop their operations into higher lifts in 2002- 2003. Wolfsegger et Al. ( ) as illustrated in Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) said that spread outing to higher lifts was the 3rd most favorite planetary warming version pick by Austrian ski country directors, after snowmaking and sharing snowmaking costs with the adjustment industry. Nicholls ( 2006 ) besides agreed that scheme of development of higher height ski resorts is option that tends to be of favor for bing ski resorts. Large ski corporations over smaller, family-owned concerns tend to utilize this scheme. Although, such betterments would show a host of ecological and safety concerns which the industry would necessitate to cover with in order to continue the industry in a feasible attack. These comprise bigger force per unit area from new production every bit good as improved waste creative activity. Besides due to mountain terrain or tallness this scheme is in many instances impossible. Other option is to collaborate or spread out into countries with more dependable snow which may on other manus diversify income construction of resorts. Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) said that high lift mountain environments are peculiarly sensitive to disturbance and resistance from the populace and environmental groups may present a important restraint on this version sche me in some locations. Marketing inducements and new merchandise developments Bricknell and McManus ( 2006 ) suggested that many resorts use scheme of flexible ticket pricing policy and therefore cut downing ticket monetary values in order to pull more skiers. Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) mentioned that ski companies have already begun to experiment with inducements or warrants to get the better of skiers reluctance to book a ski vacation because of unsure snow conditions. In the winter of 1999-2000, for illustration, the American Skiing Company promised visitants to its six New England part ski resorts a 25 % decrease on their following holiday if the ski country failed to open 70 % of their ski tallies during the Christmas-New Year vacation period. Warm temperatures that season forced three of the six resorts to pay clients discounts ( Keates, 2000 in Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . Another scheme could be to develop non-snow related activities in winter or to go all season finish as more picks could pull more tourers and it could convey other benefits. All twelvemonth round touristry could be developed by supplying clime independent touristry such as conference or educational touristry. Nicholls ( 2006 ) mentioned that the edifice of conference comfortss combined with the part of a wide assortment of outside leisure activities during the seasons may supply resorts with a balanced, changeless beginning of gross that is less dependent on conditions conditions. On other manus, the enlargement of such replacements needs an primary ballad out of financess which may travel beyond the capablenesss of smaller ski concerns. Over the past three decennaries, many ski countries in North America have diversified their operations beyond traditional ski activities to include the proviso of skiing and snowboarding lessons, adjustment and retail gross revenues ( Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . The Economist ( 1998 ) referred to the change of major ski resorts in North America from ski countries to winter subject Parkss, as the Disneyfication of the winter athleticss industry ( Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . Non-skiers represent an of import market at ski resorts. Williams and Dossa ( 1990 ) estimated that 20-30 % of visitants to ski resorts in Canada did non ski during their visit ( Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . They besides pointed out that in season 1974-75, lift tickets stood for about 80 % of net incomes for the usual ski country in the US. Nowadays, lift tickets stand for non even than half the net incomes, as other activities have risen in significance. Therefore to diversify the market and besides to diminish th e force per unit area of demand on ski lifts, this scheme seems to be really supportive for bing ski resorts with capablenesss to make so. Many ski resorts have made significant investings to supply surrogate activities for non-skiing visitants. For illustration snowmobiling, skating, dog sled-rides, indoor pools, wellness and health watering place, fittingness Centres, squash and tennis, games suites, eating houses, retail shops and many others. Moen and Fredman ( 2007 ) agreed, developing options to skiing during winter is good recognized scheme to get the better of falling visitant Numberss into ski countries ; nevertheless he pointed out, that it is besides debatable as many of these options are reliant on snow conditions or ice-covered lakes and therefore dependant on clime conditions. All twelvemonth round touristry The most promising scheme in order to wholly get the better of the jobs of planetary heating may be to develop all-year unit of ammunition touristry. Furthermore, offset pessimistic fiscal effects as of planetary heating, such a scheme would every bit good hold optimistic public effects on conventional winter finishs as seasonal unsimilarity in employment chances are bridged over. A figure of ski resorts have farther diversified their concern operations to go four season resorts , offering non-winter activities such as golf, boating and white-water rafting, mountain biking, parasailing, horseback equitation and other concern lines. At many larger resorts, existent estate building and direction has besides become a really of import beginning of gross. On other manus, as Bricknell and McManus ( 2006 ) stated, the development of summer touristry needs long term readying in order for them to develop grasp in this market. The resorts will hold to postulate with each other and with summer finishs such as coastal locations, which would be in many instances really tough, particularly where coastal summer touristry takes topographic point. The enlargement of touristry into the summer season in sequence to back up or to trade snow touristry may besides direct to environmental struggles. Activities that resorts may desire to advance, such as motorcycle equitation and Equus caballus equitation, could accidentally leak out into parts of saving where they are out. These sorts of activities are besides known to decline environmental issues, such as eroding and the spread of alien species. If these signifiers of touristry addition in popularity, the transporting capacity for these mountain finishs must be re-evaluated to embrace their possible impacts. Role of public sector The public good feature of clime alteration creates complicated challenge for fiscal and political organisations. The deficiency of an unchanged conditions is non connected to turning monetary values and is non needfully measured to the top valued consumers. To keep well-organized policies, inputs from fiscal appraisals of planetary heating impacts are indispensable. Such financially feasible steps consist of direct economic impacts to the economic system every bit good as benefits to the subscribers. For case, Scott et Al. ( 2002 ) as described in Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) used disbursement records to present estimate of the possible economic impacts from g oobal heating on skiing in Canada, whilst Richardson and Loomis ( 2005 ) calculated the effects of clime on motive to pay to see Rocky Mountain National Park. Many writers put some attempts to put an economic value on planetary heating impacts to touristry and outside leisure. For illustration, as Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) said , Meier ( 1998 ) approximated the cost of planetary heating for the 4 season touristry in Switzerland at USD 1.1 1.4 billion by the twelvemonth 2050. Scott and McBoyle ( 2007 ) said that better conditions prediction would do available an enhanced foundation for hazard appraisals and tactical concern picks, every bit good as the timing of seasonal gaps or when to get down unreal snowmaking. Negotiations with ski operators in eastern North America propose that the industry does non soon use seasonal prognosiss in their operational decision-making and substantial sweetenings in calculating accurateness would be necessary before these merchandises would accomplish a degree of realistic value for the ski industry. Some ski operators yet think about five to seven yearss prognosiss as excessively untrusty for operational decision-making and applied prognosiss from different states or classified services alternatively of governmental prognosiss ( Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . Announcements to the community through the media could be a farther facet of prediction that could be improved in some countries. Ski operators on occasion have advers arial interaction with a figure of neighbouring media for the ground that of what they recognise as inaccurate exposure of conditions conditions and prognosiss that they disagree be them concern ( King, 2005 in Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . Government support to the ski industry has taken topographic point in the assortment of discounted energy costs, long-standing rentals of communal lands and substructure supports, but the industry has non gained from the sorts of endorsing plans offered to other climate-sensitive trade sectors such as for illustration, patron crop insurance for the agribusiness sector. In the hereafter, skiing based touristry economic losingss consequential from unpleasant clime fortunes may be equal for authorities concern and support in some instances. Government engagement in the ski industry s chance could possibly take a figure of signifiers. Direct engagement could come throughout fiscal aid, cover support or selling proposals. Ultimately, authorities policie s linked to set down and H2O usage, and energy and gross disbursement could impact skiing operations positively. Government fiscal aid for snowmaking was greatly supported by Austrian ski country directors, whilst authorities aid for fiscal losingss because of hapless winters was merely to some extent supported ( Wolfsegger et al, 2005 as demonstrated in Scott and McBoyle, 2007 ) . Decision This essay discussed the job of planetary heating and its projected impacts on ski industry all over the universe. It demonstrated that clime alteration is loosely accepted as a mega hazard, peculiarly for concerns dependant on conditions conditions. Numerous ski resorts, particularly those that are established at lower lifts could confront serious jobs if climate alteration prognosiss are about to be accurate in the hereafter. Among limited supply of downhill ski resorts, coupled with an bing high demand for the activity, it would perchance take to yet other singular addition in monetary values and environmental force per unit areas. Ski resorts have several scheme options to see when it comes to job of non sufficient snow cover in their geographics country. Some tend to utilize unreal snow-making installations, some purpose to diversify their concern portfolio by offering a new merchandises and developments of new touristry attractive forces. The most promising scheme to get the better of planetary heating job, as regarded by few writers, was to go an all-year unit of ammunition touristry finish. However, all of these adaptation schemes tend to travel manus in manus with the issue of sustainability which should be taken more earnestly as all developments take topographic point in highly sensitive environments. The essay demonstrated that adaptation schemes are progressively used already by ski resorts in many parts of the universe and that sometimes these are non even related to planetary heating. The most normally used adaptation schemes are non without ecological and fiscal costs. Water use from natural H2O organic structures can lesser H2O strengths and influence fishing detrimentally. Power demands are high as good and reciprocally linked to warmth, and will therefore prolong higher outgo the warmer the temperatures get. By agencies of this type of upset of demand to ski parts with higher height, ecological tonss upon the nearby environments would be enlarged. This paper merely reasonably points out issues that come along with new developments and enlargements of ski parts and these should be further discussed and analysed.

10 ways to turn your expert analysis into an exceptional report

10 ways to turn your expert analysis into an exceptional report 10 ways to make your client love your next report You’ve done your research. You’ve investigated your client’s processes in detail and you’ve analysed your findings. As a result, you’ve come up with some substantial recommendations that you feel your client will be truly happy with. All you have to do now is write your report. This is the point where things can easily go wrong and all that hard work can be undone. You have probably spent a lot of time with your client and may have built up a strong relationship. But this does not change the fact that leaving the right impression will depend on the quality of your report, which will ultimately depend on the quality of your writing. So what can you do to make sure that your report goes to the top of the pile, makes a lasting impression and demonstrates all your hard work, technical expertise and innovation? To help get you started, here are my ten top things to think about before you start writing your report. If you want more, be sure to sign up to our free webinar: How to transform your expert analysis into exceptional documents. Simply click here to reserve your space (places are limited). 1. Know what the client wants First things first. Your report should be client-centred, rather than consultant-centred. The chances are that no sooner do you realise that the report deadline is looming than you fall into the ‘getting it done’ trap. At this point, it’s worth taking a couple of deep breaths and spending a few minutes thinking about what your client actually wants. This may sound obvious. It should be. Yet so often reports follow a standard template structure that poorly reflects an individual client’s brief. Why not ask the client exactly what they want to see in the report and even how long they would like the report to be? Alternatively, ask yourself a few simple but telling questions. What information does the client expect? With what level of detail? How much knowledge do they already have? What will they use the report for? Who will read it? 2. Copy and paste with caution It goes without saying that you should copy and paste only with extreme caution. It is all too easy to forget to change the company name, paste in confidential information from another document or to leave out a vital piece of client-specific information. Your brain tends to see only what it wants to see, and to ignore what it doesn’t. Be VERY careful. 3. Put key messages up front And what about the key messages and recommendations that you want to get across? How can you make sure that these really stand out and are not lost among volumes of peripheral detail and background? Many analysts use a basic structure in which they start with their findings, then outline their conclusions, and then give their main message – their recommendations – at the end. The effect on the client is to keep them guessing or arguing with every point and perhaps ending with a conclusion that differs from your own. A far more effective structure is to start with your main message and then provide the information that supports it. 4. Avoid jargon and ‘businessese’ Then comes the next common trap: falling into jargon or business speak, or using unnecessarily flowery language. Many people believe this shows how much knowledge, intellect or even superior industry expertise they have. But does it really? The truth is that your client has no interest whatsoever in the sophistication of your use of vocabulary. What’s more, the public and private sectors are becoming increasingly cynical about consultants, believing that they produce over-long, over-written reports on purpose to justify their ‘exorbitant fees’. Whatever you do, avoid providing any additional ammunition to that particular argument. The bottom line is that clients will not appreciate long words, complicated language, management speak and ‘businessese’ jargon, nor will they want to plough through lots of acronyms and abbreviations. They will find them irritating, confusing and time-consuming. Take the time to find a more effective way of writing whatever it is you want to say. If using complex technical terms is absolutely unavoidable, make sure you provide a glossary in the appendix. Industry jargon has its place, but only if you’re certain your audience will understand it. (And they usually understand less than you think they do.) 5. Don’t write for robots On the subject of language, remember that when companies and organisations appoint consultants, they hire people, not robots. Language like ‘it is recommended †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, ‘it is estimated †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, or ‘it has been proven †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ does not sound more professional; it simply depersonalises your report and makes it less accessible. Your client wants to know that their advisers are real human beings, so be bold and put people at the heart of your writing: ‘we recommend †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, ‘we estimate †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ or ‘we have proven †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. It is far more interesting and meaningful to read about organisations and individuals taking action than to read about all sorts of actions and events mysteriously occurring. Think ‘Tarvex’s customers are crying out for the new product range’ rather than ‘The new product range has experienced considerable demand’. Or ‘The CEO has transformed the company’s performance in the exports market’ instead of ‘The company’s performance in the exports market has been transformed’. Make your language as lively as you can. If you’re trying to ‘sell’ a particular recommendation, paint a vivid picture of the excellent results it will bring – or of the horrendous pitfalls that will await as a result of not implementing it. And naturally you also need to examine all the pros and cons, including the cost implications, of following – or not following – your recommendations. 6. Make your words count Generalisations or exaggerations are another characteristic of poor writing to be wary of. Take ‘record levels of profit’, for example. Are they truly record levels – ie the highest ever – or do you really mean the highest in recent years? If so, how recent? If you mean for five years, say so. And what about ‘a large percentage’? (Is this 51 per cent or 99 per cent? There’s quite a big difference, after all.) Beware of words and expressions such as ‘record’, ‘significant’, ‘considerable’ and ‘wide section of the community’ unless you can actually quantify them. 7. Punctuate with care We notice words and language and how people use them: pulling people up for poor punctuation, dodgy spelling or dubious grammar is almost a national pastime. And the likelihood is that your client will have a similar awareness of language – and irritation with its misuse. So never delude yourself that it is only what you say that counts and not whether you know how to punctuate correctly. It is amazing the bad feeling and ill will that a misplaced comma or a misjudged apostrophe can cause. If you want more advice on improving your business writing, why not download our free guide, The Write Stuff? Click here to get your free copy today. 8. Structure strategically Another common error is to try to plan and structure the report simultaneously. It is, in fact, much easier to do these two things separately. Start by brainstorming all the information that needs to go into the report. When you’re sure you have covered everything, it’s time to tackle the issue of what goes where and in what format. The structuring process requires an element of detachment – even bloody-mindedness. Only information that is essential to your client should go in the main body of the text; any information that is ‘important’ or ‘of interest’ should be relegated to appendices, footnotes or a separate chapter. Additional detail, figures, references or diagrams are all examples of ‘important’ information. Put yourself in your client’s shoes. How would you react to a report if you felt your valuable time was being wasted on nonessential detail? Yes, your client may be interested in the background to the project and in how you carried out the research and the consultation process. But what they’re actually paying you for is to identify the cause or causes of a problem or challenge and to tell them how to solve it. If you make them wait until the end of the report to tell them your recommendations, the chances are that their patience will be wearing very thin indeed. This brings us to another tip on helping your client to navigate your report. As you start to structure your report, plan how best to divide it into logical sections and give some thought to your subheadings. Subheadings should be clear and meaningful, rather than generic, so that they act as signposts, guiding your client through the report and showing them where to find specific topics. 9. Optimise your executive summary Pay particular attention to your executive summary. As we all know, this may be the only part the real decision-makers read, so make sure it can stand alone and that it contains real information, including hard facts and figures. If your report includes recommendations, the executive summary should make it clear what these are and include their implications, values and costs. What about length? As a general rule, it’s best to stick to a maximum of two pages, using headings and bullets (but not too many), and perhaps a carefully selected graph or pie chart to get your main message across. 10. And always remember A well-written report will influence your client’s thinking and decisions and galvanise them into action. It will also act as a first-rate marketing tool for your firm. But a poorly written one will exasperate your client and jeopardise your reputation and the chances of them implementing your recommendations. It might even lose you business. In your client’s view, you’re only as good as your last report. So which impression do you want to leave them with – incisive must-read or supposed-to-read-because-they-paid-for-it? Want to learn more about transforming your expert analysis into exceptional reports for your clients? Sign up here for our free webinar. Want to improve your team’s report writing? See our report-writing course for companies and our business-writing courses for individuals. You can also call us on +44 (0)1273 732 888 for a no-obligation chat with one of our friendly advisers. Image credit: Dragon Images / Shutterstock

10 ways to turn your expert analysis into an exceptional report

10 ways to turn your expert analysis into an exceptional report 10 ways to make your client love your next report You’ve done your research. You’ve investigated your client’s processes in detail and you’ve analysed your findings. As a result, you’ve come up with some substantial recommendations that you feel your client will be truly happy with. All you have to do now is write your report. This is the point where things can easily go wrong and all that hard work can be undone. You have probably spent a lot of time with your client and may have built up a strong relationship. But this does not change the fact that leaving the right impression will depend on the quality of your report, which will ultimately depend on the quality of your writing. So what can you do to make sure that your report goes to the top of the pile, makes a lasting impression and demonstrates all your hard work, technical expertise and innovation? To help get you started, here are my ten top things to think about before you start writing your report. If you want more, be sure to sign up to our free webinar: How to transform your expert analysis into exceptional documents. Simply click here to reserve your space (places are limited). 1. Know what the client wants First things first. Your report should be client-centred, rather than consultant-centred. The chances are that no sooner do you realise that the report deadline is looming than you fall into the ‘getting it done’ trap. At this point, it’s worth taking a couple of deep breaths and spending a few minutes thinking about what your client actually wants. This may sound obvious. It should be. Yet so often reports follow a standard template structure that poorly reflects an individual client’s brief. Why not ask the client exactly what they want to see in the report and even how long they would like the report to be? Alternatively, ask yourself a few simple but telling questions. What information does the client expect? With what level of detail? How much knowledge do they already have? What will they use the report for? Who will read it? 2. Copy and paste with caution It goes without saying that you should copy and paste only with extreme caution. It is all too easy to forget to change the company name, paste in confidential information from another document or to leave out a vital piece of client-specific information. Your brain tends to see only what it wants to see, and to ignore what it doesn’t. Be VERY careful. 3. Put key messages up front And what about the key messages and recommendations that you want to get across? How can you make sure that these really stand out and are not lost among volumes of peripheral detail and background? Many analysts use a basic structure in which they start with their findings, then outline their conclusions, and then give their main message – their recommendations – at the end. The effect on the client is to keep them guessing or arguing with every point and perhaps ending with a conclusion that differs from your own. A far more effective structure is to start with your main message and then provide the information that supports it. 4. Avoid jargon and ‘businessese’ Then comes the next common trap: falling into jargon or business speak, or using unnecessarily flowery language. Many people believe this shows how much knowledge, intellect or even superior industry expertise they have. But does it really? The truth is that your client has no interest whatsoever in the sophistication of your use of vocabulary. What’s more, the public and private sectors are becoming increasingly cynical about consultants, believing that they produce over-long, over-written reports on purpose to justify their ‘exorbitant fees’. Whatever you do, avoid providing any additional ammunition to that particular argument. The bottom line is that clients will not appreciate long words, complicated language, management speak and ‘businessese’ jargon, nor will they want to plough through lots of acronyms and abbreviations. They will find them irritating, confusing and time-consuming. Take the time to find a more effective way of writing whatever it is you want to say. If using complex technical terms is absolutely unavoidable, make sure you provide a glossary in the appendix. Industry jargon has its place, but only if you’re certain your audience will understand it. (And they usually understand less than you think they do.) 5. Don’t write for robots On the subject of language, remember that when companies and organisations appoint consultants, they hire people, not robots. Language like ‘it is recommended †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, ‘it is estimated †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, or ‘it has been proven †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ does not sound more professional; it simply depersonalises your report and makes it less accessible. Your client wants to know that their advisers are real human beings, so be bold and put people at the heart of your writing: ‘we recommend †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, ‘we estimate †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ or ‘we have proven †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. It is far more interesting and meaningful to read about organisations and individuals taking action than to read about all sorts of actions and events mysteriously occurring. Think ‘Tarvex’s customers are crying out for the new product range’ rather than ‘The new product range has experienced considerable demand’. Or ‘The CEO has transformed the company’s performance in the exports market’ instead of ‘The company’s performance in the exports market has been transformed’. Make your language as lively as you can. If you’re trying to ‘sell’ a particular recommendation, paint a vivid picture of the excellent results it will bring – or of the horrendous pitfalls that will await as a result of not implementing it. And naturally you also need to examine all the pros and cons, including the cost implications, of following – or not following – your recommendations. 6. Make your words count Generalisations or exaggerations are another characteristic of poor writing to be wary of. Take ‘record levels of profit’, for example. Are they truly record levels – ie the highest ever – or do you really mean the highest in recent years? If so, how recent? If you mean for five years, say so. And what about ‘a large percentage’? (Is this 51 per cent or 99 per cent? There’s quite a big difference, after all.) Beware of words and expressions such as ‘record’, ‘significant’, ‘considerable’ and ‘wide section of the community’ unless you can actually quantify them. 7. Punctuate with care We notice words and language and how people use them: pulling people up for poor punctuation, dodgy spelling or dubious grammar is almost a national pastime. And the likelihood is that your client will have a similar awareness of language – and irritation with its misuse. So never delude yourself that it is only what you say that counts and not whether you know how to punctuate correctly. It is amazing the bad feeling and ill will that a misplaced comma or a misjudged apostrophe can cause. If you want more advice on improving your business writing, why not download our free guide, The Write Stuff? Click here to get your free copy today. 8. Structure strategically Another common error is to try to plan and structure the report simultaneously. It is, in fact, much easier to do these two things separately. Start by brainstorming all the information that needs to go into the report. When you’re sure you have covered everything, it’s time to tackle the issue of what goes where and in what format. The structuring process requires an element of detachment – even bloody-mindedness. Only information that is essential to your client should go in the main body of the text; any information that is ‘important’ or ‘of interest’ should be relegated to appendices, footnotes or a separate chapter. Additional detail, figures, references or diagrams are all examples of ‘important’ information. Put yourself in your client’s shoes. How would you react to a report if you felt your valuable time was being wasted on nonessential detail? Yes, your client may be interested in the background to the project and in how you carried out the research and the consultation process. But what they’re actually paying you for is to identify the cause or causes of a problem or challenge and to tell them how to solve it. If you make them wait until the end of the report to tell them your recommendations, the chances are that their patience will be wearing very thin indeed. This brings us to another tip on helping your client to navigate your report. As you start to structure your report, plan how best to divide it into logical sections and give some thought to your subheadings. Subheadings should be clear and meaningful, rather than generic, so that they act as signposts, guiding your client through the report and showing them where to find specific topics. 9. Optimise your executive summary Pay particular attention to your executive summary. As we all know, this may be the only part the real decision-makers read, so make sure it can stand alone and that it contains real information, including hard facts and figures. If your report includes recommendations, the executive summary should make it clear what these are and include their implications, values and costs. What about length? As a general rule, it’s best to stick to a maximum of two pages, using headings and bullets (but not too many), and perhaps a carefully selected graph or pie chart to get your main message across. 10. And always remember A well-written report will influence your client’s thinking and decisions and galvanise them into action. It will also act as a first-rate marketing tool for your firm. But a poorly written one will exasperate your client and jeopardise your reputation and the chances of them implementing your recommendations. It might even lose you business. In your client’s view, you’re only as good as your last report. So which impression do you want to leave them with – incisive must-read or supposed-to-read-because-they-paid-for-it? Want to learn more about transforming your expert analysis into exceptional reports for your clients? Sign up here for our free webinar. Want to improve your team’s report writing? See our report-writing course for companies and our business-writing courses for individuals. You can also call us on +44 (0)1273 732 888 for a no-obligation chat with one of our friendly advisers. Image credit: Dragon Images / Shutterstock

Baroque Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Baroque Art - Research Paper Example The term Baroque is French for the English â€Å"irregular, and consequently, flawed pearl.† Baroque paintings and sculptures are usually strongly emotional, passionate, stormy, and had a flair for the theatrical. Most depictions were dramatic, engages the viewer, speaks to users physically and psychologically, are usually extravagant and ornamental, they use color, contrasts between light and dark, and overlapping figures and elements to further add drama to their art. Most themes were about visions, ecstasies, conversions, martyrdom, death, and intensely emotional moments. Other events happening in the era also influenced the art. In this age, new concepts of physics and astronomy introduced by Galileo and Newton made the artists interested in the concept of space. Descartes’s philosophy I think therefore I am also redefined â€Å"the attribute of being.† Science redefined nature as motion in space and time. Light was demystified by Pascal’s discovery of the materiality of light. These preoccupations of scientists and philosophers also became the preoccupation of the artists of the time. One of the greatest Baroque artists ever was Bernini. His full name was Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and he dominated the Roman art world during the seventeenth century. He still retained a semblance to his Renaissance predecessors in the sense that he was a universal genius who practiced architecture, sculpture, painting, stage, design, and being a playwright. He was a prodigy. He began his training under the teachings of his father.

Compare and contrast Kennedy and Reagon's Inaugural Address Essay

Compare and contrast Kennedy and Reagon's Inaugural Address - Essay Example However, only Reagan, by far the better man manages to achieve this. John Kennedy became President as a youngish man. America was dawning in the 1960s and they were swept up with enthusiasm. He noted in his inaugural speech that there was great promise, but also great danger ahead: The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe-the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God. (110). He evokes God and purpose in his speech and it is powerful in its way. What is sad about his speech, however, is how his administration did not live up to the principles it espouses. Kennedy did very little as President. He spent much of his time leading an absolutely scandalous personal life, which surely proved a great distraction. He led America into the humiliating Bay of Pigs fiasco and nearly destroyed the world through Cuban Missile Crisis. He was not a man in touch with the people. He was a millionaire who was President as a kind of hobby. We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed. But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course-both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankinds final war. (110) In a sense this is similar to Reagan’s own political philosophy of building up America’s nuclear arsenal and defences. However, Reagan did this simultaneously while engaging in reasoned negotiations not brinksmanship. He knew what he was doing, while Kennedy was just playing at it. Flash forward

The Spire by William Golding Essay Example for Free

The Spire by William Golding Essay How does Golding use stylistic devices to create tension in this extract? (extract where the ground opens up) The extract begins with an imperative spoken by Roger Mason, Look right at the bottom. Although, as master builder, Roger has a higher status than the rest of the workers, Jocelin considers himself as more important than Roger, so this creates a form of social tension. Later on, Jocelin says What is it? Tell me! It is Jocelins turn to use an imperative. It is now unclear as to who is really dominant in this scene. The extract continues with a list of materials that make up the foundations of the cathedral. It is factual, the kind of list that might come from a scientific report. The continuing list gives a sense of Jocelins gaze taking everything in, and gives a feeling of apprehension, as we wonder what will come next. Golding uses antithesis to give a feeling of tension. Contrasting with the scientific nature of the list, we get a human response from Jocelin there seemed little enough to look at, followed by a pebble dropping. This could represent a penny dropping in Jocelins head, as he realises the inadequacy of the existing foundations. The hair rose on the nape of his neck is a reaction that people have when they are afraid, and the fact that Jocelin is afraid, when he believes absolutely in the spire, creates tension and horror. The statement They were all moving more or less, is quite vague, and is again in contrast to the precise list that we began the extract with. Golding also uses it to develop the narrative, from one pebble dropping before to all the stones moving. The quotation about Roger Mason eyes wide open could be used as a contrasting image to Jocelins blind faith. Also, in this quotation The living, pagan earth is the first explicit reference to paganism in the extract, bringing the conflict between the church and the pagans into the open. Dia Mater is a reference to the Greek moon goddess oak cult, and Goldings mention of her in what sounds like Jocelins thoughts show a blurring of the line between the church and the pagans in his panic. This is in contrast to Jocelins usual denial of any kind of religion other than Christianity. Golding uses personalisation to create tension. He personalises the stones he saw one stir, with a sudden recklessness. This instils human qualities into them, which echoes paganism. Paganism was in conflict with the church, creating religious tension, and the workers brought paganism into the church. Also, the adjective recklessly suggests a disregard for reason and human feelings- much like Jocelins building of the spire. Another instance of personalisation is The earth was moving under the grubs, urging them this way and that gives the ground control over the grubs. This could be a metaphor for the way in which what lies beneath the ground the church stands on has begun to govern the church peoples (the grubs) lives. This creates tension because it means that humans are now not fully in control, the natural forces at work are, which again references paganism, setting the workers against the church. Golding uses the characters bodies to reflect their feelings of panic and tension. Jocelin is racked with spasms. This is effective as it shows the practical, physical manifestations of the tense atmosphere. Lips tight round his teeth shows Rogers fear, creating tension as he is the expert, and knows what is happening, and he is very worried. A yellow pallor shining through his skin shows Rogers physical horror and nausea at the sight before him. Imagery is also used to show tension. Like porridge in a pot is a pleasant, domesticated image, which contrasts with the images they are seeing in the pit, helping to emphasise the horrors before them. It could also be that Jocelin is horrified, and is seeking comfort in the thoughts of comfortable, everyday things. The use of grubs as a simile is faintly repellent and gives a feeling of trepidation and suspense, partly due to the fact that grubs do not stay grubs for long, but develop into something else. Roger Mason was staring at the grubs. The use of the word grubs has changed from a simile to a metaphor. This is confusing at first, as it is used in a very literal sense. I think that it shows Jocelins gradual loss of rational thought as he becomes ever more desperate to build the spire. The noseless men meaning the skeletons buried in the church graveyard, turning over and thrusting up. This is quite aggressive imagery, and it creates tension between the living and the dead, as the workmen invade the graveyard. Some form of life is a vague and threatening image, reflecting the uncertainty everyone but Jocelin has about the spire. Repetition is always used quite a lot in this extract. What is it Roger? What is it? Here repetition is used to heighten the tension and suspense, and also show how Jocelin needs reassurance from Roger. It also uses hypophora to attract our attention. He glanced at Roger Mason, does the same thing, and shows that he acknowledges Rogers superior knowledge in this area. With a slow stirring, like the stirring of grubs More repetition exists within this sentence which helps to create tension and suspense. Perhaps the damned stirring uses repetition again, repeating the feelings of tension that were present earlier. Both sound and silence are used to create suspense and tension. No-one made any noise. This could signify that everybody apart from Jocelin knows what is wrong. There came a sharp scream breaks the silence since Jocelins questions, and before that, the sound of the pebble falling. This cuts through the tension created by the extended period of silence, but due to the sentence structure we must wait to see who screamed, creating suspense. The fact that it was Goody Pangall that screamed is surprising, and at odds with what we know of her character so far. This too is unsettling, and gives a sense of confusion and disorder. Goldings diction also creates tension. Jocelin jerked out his hand. Here the use of the word jerked, an abrupt action, shows Jocelins physical fear. The fact that he made a defensive sign at the pit, shows his frustration. Coming to the boil implies that soon everything will reach a climax. But the master builder still strained down, eyes wide open. Goldings use of the word strained shows the tension Roger feels in his whole body. Flicking or flinching are quick movements, at odds with the slow contemplation of the earth we have had up to this point. This gives us the feeling that something is happening. Jocelins gradual realisation that there are no foundations is hinted at throughout the extract. This can create tension due to the uncertainty as to whether he will continue to insist that the spire be built or not, as it has not categorically been said. The earth was moving, we use the phrase the earth moved when something new and groundbreaking had been discovered, again, Jocelin is beginning to realise that Roger was right about the spire. Or the roof of hell down there shows that everything Jocelin fears comes from underground, including the lack of foundations. That which ought not to be seen or touched could be implying that the pit should never have been dug, and the spire should never be built. Turning, seething, coming to the boil gives a repressed, rebellious feeling to the darkness under the earth. The quotation doomsday coming up refers to the end of the world, and the destiny of humanity, which seems apt, considering the uncertain future of the spire. In conclusion, Golding uses many stylistic devices to create tension in this extract. These include repetition, personalisation, imagery, antithesis and metaphor. These combine to create tension in a variety of ways. I think that the most effective is the personalisation of the earth, and the repetition.

Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

1. Does Conrad really "otherize," or impose racist ideology upon, the Africans in Heart of Darkness, or does Achebe merely see Conrad from the point of view of an African? Is it merely a matter of view point, or does there exist greater underlying meaning in the definition of racism? 2. How does Achebe's personal history and the context in which he wrote "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness" reflect the manner in which he views Conrad's idea of racism in the novel? 3. Taking into account Achebe's assumptions and analysis of racism in Heart of Darkness, how does this change Conrad's novel as a literary work, if it does at all? The literal heart of darkness in Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness does not merely incorporate the Belgian Congo, the African savages, the journey to the innermost soul, and England as the corruptor in its attempted colonization of the African people for selfish and commercial purposes. In "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness ," Achebe accuses Conrad of racism as the essential "heart of darkness." Heart of Darkness projects the image of Africa as 'the other world,' the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization, a place where man's vaunted intelligence and refinement are finally mocked by triumphant bestiality...it is not the differentness that worries Conrad but the lurking hint of kinship, of common ancestry. For the Thames too 'has been one of the dark places of the earth.' It conquered its darkness, of course, and is now in daylight and at peace. But if it were to visit its primordial relative, the Congo, it would run the terrible risk of hearing grotesque echoes of its own forgotten darkness, and falling victim to an avenging recrudescence of the mindless frenzy of the first beginnings. (4) One might contend that this attitude toward the African in Heart of Darkness does not belong to Conrad, but rather to Marlow, and that far from endorsing it "Conrad might indeed be holding it up to irony and criticism." (9) According to Achebe "Conrad appears to go to considerable pains to set up layers of insulation between himself and the moral universe of his story." (9) For example, Conrad has a narrator behind a narrator -- he gives us Marlow's account through the filter of a second person. Achebe thus elucidates how "Conrad seems.

Jet blue case study Essay

The United States airline industry includes roughly 600 companies with combined annual revenue of approximately 170 billion dollars (bts.gov). The major companies include American, Delta, and United Continental (bts.gov). There are air operations of express delivery companies such as FedEx and UPS. This industry is highly concentrated with the 10 largest companies accounting for more than 75 percent of industry revenue (bts.gov). The global airline industry generates about $500 billion annually (tbs.gov). The major international companies include Air China, Deutsche Lufthansa, Air France-KLM, Japan Airlines, and British Airways (bts.gov). Discussion Questions 1. Discuss the trends in the U.S. airline industry and how these trends might impact a company’s strategy. Trends in this industry are numerous. This discussion will include the price of jet fuel, on-time performance, security, and cheaper substitutes. Oil price volatility is the leading player in airline strategy (jetblue.com). Fuel is probably the most significant element in an airline’s base cost (jetblue.com). The new fuel price average for the year 2012 is around 129.7 dollars per barrel (jetblue.com). The impact of this year’s fuel bill for the global airline industry is upwards of 32 billion dollars (jetblue.com). The causes for delays and cancellations of flights are reported monthly to The Bureau of transportation Statistics (bts.gov). On time performance has many factors; a few of these factors are air carrier delays, late arriving aircrafts, security delays, extreme weather, and equipment (bts.gov). Air carrier delays are within the airline’s control. This area includes maintenance/crew problems, aircraft cleaning, baggage loading, fueling, and such (bts.gov). A late arriving previous flight†¦ Read Full Essay View as multi-pages

Most Violated School Policies Essay

â€Å"The formation of character is one of the most important features of the educational system at the University of Baguio. For this reason, the imposed discipline, while observant to the rights and feelings of others, is firm, especially when the reputation of the student body and institution is at stake. Students are expected to manifest both within and outside the University, the respect for order, morality, personal honor, and rights of others, which is required of God-fearing men and women.† (UB student handbook, Article XIV: 2010 Edition) Schools have policies that are being implemented for the general welfare of its constituents. These policies provide a set of rules that the students, teachers, etc. should follow. These rules are necessary for the order and uniformity of the students within the school premises. Even with the presence of these rules, some of the students violate them disregarding the sanctions that go along with it. The word policy originated from the Latin word politia or polity. Defined as a definite course of action adopted for the sake of expediency, facility, etc.; an action or procedure conforming to or considered with reference to prudence or expediency. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/policy) Educational policies are significant because these are rules that are used in schools to discipline students. These rules determine how effective and efficient the school is in managing students and personnel. The policies have great influence in the quality of education in an area. Educational policies are important because effective policies can help students in school on their day to day activity. For a policy to become effective, it must have a well-pronounced outcome, assumptions should be clear and explicit, linkage to organizational direction must be present, due process in the development has to be observed, the priority should be on the public interest, expectations have to be made, the policy must be both efficient and effective, results should be stated in measurable terms, evaluation of results should be capable, funding and allocation of resources must be appropriate, accountability should not be vague, it should be lawful and administered, it must be based from history, ideas have to be verified before implementation, and the policy results should be well stated. (http://manuals.ucdavis.edu/resources/coordinators.htm) One of the factors why students violate school policies can be explained through their different behaviours. Behaviour is the manner of behaving or conducting oneself; the aggregate of all the responses made by an organism in any situation. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/behavior) Based on Operant Conditioning of B.F. Skinner â€Å"All behaviour caused by external stimuli and all behaviour can be explained without the need to consider internal mental states or consciousness.† It means that the actions done by students are responses to its environment. (http://www.learning-theories.com/behaviorism) Another type of behaviourism is Radical Behaviourism which is the connection to role of emotions and the major differences in the acceptance of mediating structures and etc. In order to resolve this problem the group found out that the best solution is the use of Biometric identification systems which can be grouped based on the main physical characteristic that lends itself to biometric identification. There are different kinds of biometric system in which the fingerprint biometrics is the commonly used one. There are also other biometric identification systems such as the hand geometry, palm vein authentication, retina scan, iris scan, face recognition, signature, and voice analysis. There are biometric systems that are composed of more than two physical characteristics to be identified. Statement of the Problem 1) What are the reasons why these students violate such policies? 2) What are the most common policies that are violated by the violators? 3) How can the proposed biometric ID system control students from violating the wearing of ID? Scope and Delimitation This proposal was limited only to the students of the University of Baguio including the administrative staff, teachers, faculty and utilities. Significance of the Study With the help of this proposal, the University of Baguio would be able to control every entrance and exit of the school. The act of not wearing IDs for the students would no longer be possible because they will not be able to enter the school without their IDs. The biometric ID system would strengthen the security of the academe for the safety of the students. The time when the students would enter and leave their classes would be monitored. The system would be able to determine if the students will skip their classes. Also, the entry of thieves and pick-pocketers within the school premises would no longer be possible due to this proposal. With this modernized system to be established in the University, all of the students and personnel of the school will benefit from it. FRAMEWORK The leniency of the marshals in checking the ID’s and proper wearing of uniforms, students not following the rules and regulation of the school and to monitor the entrance and exit of the students of University of Baguio within the school’s vicinity are the reasons why the researchers proposed an ID Biometric System. The students violated the above mentioned rules due to leniency, habitual actions of students, laziness, and unwanted behaviours of students. Some students just wanted to violate such policies because they thought that it was a fun and interesting thing to do. If the proposed project will be fully implemented, there will be organization in the school campus and an effective monitoring of the passage ways in entering and going out of the school. Based on these factors that we have retrieved on the data that we have collected, the theory that would best support our proposal is the belief theory. We chose this theory because we, the researchers, believe that the proposed biometric ID system will work and we will therefore translate these beliefs into action. The researchers foresee that this would be able to control the reoccurring problems that are being done by the University of Baguio students and that is the reason why we have made this very proposal. DEFINITION OF TERMS * Biometric – pertaining to, noting, or using a person’s unique physical and other traits for the purpose of identification and security. * Coincide –to occupy exactly corresponding or equivalent positions on a scale or in a series * Identification – psychological orientation of the self in regard to something (as a person or group) with a resulting feeling of close emotional association. * Implementation – the act of implementing, or putting into effect. * Policy – a definite course of method of action selected from among alternatives and in light of given conditions to guide and determine present and future decisions. * Proposal – An act of putting forward or stating something for consideration. * Scanner – a device sensing a recorded data. * System –a group of devices or artificial objects or an organization forming a network especially for distributing something or serving common purpose. * Units – a piece or complex apparatus serving to perform one particular function ASSUMPTION The group assumed that if the proposal is to be approved by the Board of Directors, it would be implemented immediately. The ordered units will be put up to the designated areas and the Biometric system will start functioning. With the new system of the school, there will be an organization in school activities. The school then will be a safe and humane place to study. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERARTURE I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the millennial years’ rapidly advancing technological world, the issue of security is becoming a more and more pressing matter. Computer crimes and identity theft related crimes are becoming more rampant and apparent, requiring better solutions to cope with them. One of the proposed methods for solution for future high-technology security issues lies in the field of biometrics. Biometrics defined simply in its regard to security matters is any method or technology which uses biological measurements to facilitate authentication for verification or identification of a particular user. Although still in major phases of development, biometrics is seen as a highly valuable initiative to one day replace present day security authentication practices due to its ideal concept of being virtually risk free and non-inaccurate. This paper will analyze all aspects concerning biometrics including its overall concept, how a biometrical authentication system works, controversial issues concerning its implementation, its current uses in technology, business, and governmental agencies and its future developments. II. CONCEPT OF BIOMETRICS IN SECURITY A. TWO CATEGORIES Biometrics can be subdivided into two main categories. These include physiological and behavioral categories of specific measurements. Physiological measurements include biological characteristics inherent to individual human beings. Some of these would include facial structure, fingerprints, hand structure, iris and DNA structure of a particular person. Behavioral measurements measure dynamics in individual behaviors. Some of these would include keystroke behavior, signature and voice recognition. B. VARIOUS METHODS FOR COLLECTING MEASUREMENTS FACE: Facial recognition involves technology which scans the face and interprets the data as recognizable characteristics of a particular user, including the size and shape of the face and their relationship to each other. Facial recognition is a natural method that humans use to identify people they come into contact with, but it is not an easy method to duplicate for identification on a biometric system. This is due to changes such as plastic surgery, weight gain or weight loss which can cause the results to be inaccurate. Another emerging method of collecting biometric information involving the face is facial thermograph which detects and measures the heat patterns created by the branching blood vessels within the face and emitted through the skin. FINGERPRINT: Fingerprint analysis has been around for centuries as a means of identifying people. It has been evidenced that ancient Chinese used fingerprinting to sign legal documents as long ago as 1000 BCE. Fingerprint analysis involves examining the ridges on an individual fingerprint in order to match them to a specific owner. HAND: Hands can be analyzed and measured in a few different ways. Aside from fingerprints, another way to use hands in biometrical analysis is through hand geometry which measures and compares the different physical characteristics of a person’s hand such as shape and size. Another method concerning hands is palm vein authentication which uses an infrared beam to penetrate a person’s hand and measure the complexity of the vein patterns within that person’s hand. This specific method is more useful than hand geometry measurement because palm vein patterns are internal to the body, and difficult to be counterfeited by an illegitimate use r. EYES: Eyes can be used in two different ways as a part of a biometrical scrutiny process. Iris scanning involves analysis of the rings, furrows, and freckles in the pupil of the eye of a particular human. Retina scanning involves analysis of the capillary blood vessels located in the back of the eye. DNA: DNA verification uses analysis of genetic information found within a specific person’s DNA code (or genetic code) as a means of identifying that person. DNA analysis is often used now as a method for identifying paternity of a person’s child or in forensic crime investigations as a evidence for convicting individuals for crimes such as murder or rape. ODOR & SCENT: Odor and scent analysis is a fairly new development in biometrical analysis and is based on a theory entitled â€Å"individual odor theory.† This theory is premised on the notion that each person has a particular and unique scent. In forensics, odor analysis has been used to identify people by the use of blood hounds (dogs). VOICE ANALYSIS: Voice analysis involves analyzing of the pitch, tone, cadence, and frequency of a particular user’s voice to facilitate authentication. Voice analysis can technically be seen as both a physiological trait as well as a behavioral trait because voice is not only inherent to a specific person, but also the way that person speaks is also a unique and measurable trait. SIGNATURE: Signature analysis analyzes the way a person writes his/her signature as a basic means of identification. Although handwriting techniques vary for individuals throughout their lifetimes, handwriting identification is seen as a scientifically reliable criterion for measurement. KEYSTROKE: Keystroke analysis measures the dynamics of a person’s typing rhythms to facilitate authentication of a particular person. Keystroke analysis may be more useful than other methods of identification because unlike other biometrical authentication methods, keystroke dynamics can still be measured throughout the computer session even after the access control point has been successfully passed by the user. GAIT: Another new developing biometrical technique is one which measures gait which is a person’s particular way of walking and facilitating motion. Gait can be used effectively to recognize people coming in from a distance. COGNITIVE BIOMETRICS: Cognitive biometrics is also a developing method in biometrics which uses measurements of brain activity responses when triggered by specific stimuli and matched within a computer database as a means for authentication of a particular user of the system. Currently, systems which utilize this kind of method are being created to trigger responses to odor stimuli. In the future, other triggers may be used to create responses. C. PARAMETERS Given the various methods for collecting biometrical data, each of these techniques must pass a set of parameters to a degree in order to be considered as a viable method for integration within a biometrical system. These parameters include: UNIVERSALITY: The principle of universality stipulates that every user should have the characteristic. Sometimes, in some cases this may not be true as it the case of a person with no hands who cannot use a hand analysis machine for verification. UNIQUENESS: The principle of uniqueness involves the degree of how separable the biometric characteristic is between each individual person. PERMANENCE: The principle of permanence involves how well the technique used for measuring is resistant to changes such as aging, human developmental processes such as pregnancy, or things such as plastic surgery. COLLECTABILITY: The collectability principle is related to how easy the method is to acquire. Easier methods, as well as more sanitary methods are more ideal for a viable biometrical system. PERFORMANCE: The performance principle is concerned with the accuracy, speed and the strength of the technology used to authenticate the user. ACCEPTABILITY: The acceptability principle is related to the degree of social approval for use of the technology as a means for collecting biometrical data. CIRCUMVENTION: Circumvention involves, the biometrical system’s ease of adaptation to a substitute should the system need one. 1. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS METHODS WITH PARAMETERS (Based on the Comparison of Various Biometric Technologies table by A.K. Jain, et. al. 2004) FACE: Facial scanning has a high level of universality because it is virtually impossible for any living human-being to possess no form of a face. Facial scanning scores low in its level of uniqueness due to the fact that it can be difficult to distinguish characteristics from person to person at times. This is due to some people having similar features which may be hard to distinguish. In the case of identical twins, this may not be a useful means for authentication at all. Facial scanning scores a medium ranking under the permanence factor. This is due to the fact that although a person’s actual facial characteristics never change, they are subject to transformations such as aging, weight gain or loss, and alterations such as plastic surgery or accidents. As far as collectability, facial scanning scores a high mark due to the fact that, going along with its high level of universality , every living human-being does have a face which is easy to locate on a human body. Facial scanning is low in performance because it can tend to be highly inaccurate due to the dynamical aspect of human faces. Facial scanning also scores high in acceptability as a comfortable and accepted way people would want to collect their biometrical data, but it scores low in circumvention because it doesn’t have an easy substitute which can replace it. Facial thermograph scores high in universality, uniqueness, collectability, acceptability, and circumvention. It scores low in permanence and medium in performance. FINGERPRINT: Fingerprinting scores medium in its level of universality. This is due to the fact that although all people inherently possess fingerprints at birth, fingerprints can still be damaged via rare skin diseases or through loss of fingers, abrasions, etc. Fingerprinting has a high level of uniqueness and a high level of permanence. Fingerprinting has a medium level of collectability and performance due to the fact that although it is easy to acquire for measurement, there is a 5% failure to enroll rate which exists for everyone even with good sensors and analysis software. Fingerprinting has a medium level of acceptability by the public as a means for collecting data. This is because although it is an easy method of measurement, it may be unhygienic, inaccurate as well as easy to duplicate unlawfully. Fingerprinting has a high level of circumvention due to its ease of adaptation to a substitute if deemed necessary. HAND: Hand geometry scores medium in its universality, uniqueness, permanence, performance, acceptability, and circumvention. Hand geometry scores high in its collectability aspect. Hand vein analysis also scores medium in universality, uniqueness, permanence, collectability, performance, and acceptability; but it scores hi gh in circumvention. The overall reason why hand analysis carries a medium ranking in virtually all the parameters listed is because of a human-beings ability to live without them. EYES: Eye analysis provides for a more accurate analysis approach in a biometric system. Iris scanning scores high in universality, uniqueness, permanence, performance, and circumvention. This is due to the complexity and exclusivity of iris patterns which does make them a better choice method of biometric authentication. Iris scanning received a medium score in collectability and a low score in acceptability due to the complexity of the method and its suitability to the general masses. Retinal scanning also received similar scores, scoring high in universality, uniqueness, performance, and circumvention; receiving a medium score in permanence, and low scores in both its collectability and acceptability. DNA: DNA analysis has split results, scoring high in universality, uniqueness, permanence, and performance, and scoring low in collectability, acceptability, and circumvention. Although DNA can be extracted from a numerous amount of different ways, a method of extracting DNA in order to be used in a biometrical authentication system cannot be done without seeming invasive or unsanitary. Also, many people may be concerned with privacy matters concerning DNA analysis. ODOR & SCENT: Odor and scent analysis scores high in universality, uniqueness, and permanence. Although scents can be masked by deodorants, fragrances and lotions, the underlying biological scent of a person cannot be concealed. Odor analysis also scores low in collectability, performance, and circumvention, with a medium score in acceptability. VOICE ANALYSIS: Voice analysis scores medium in its universality and collectability. It scores low scores in uniqueness, permanence, performance, and circumvention, making it not an ideal method for use in a biometrical system. This is because not only does a person’s voice change throughout time, but people can knowingly change their voice or use technology to change their voice (such as a recording) in order to dupe a system. Voice analysis scores high in acceptability due to the simplicity of the method. SIGNATURE: Signature analysis scores low in universality, uniqueness, permanence, performance, and circumvention. It scores high in collectability, and acceptability. Signature analysis may not be an ideal method for authentication because although graphology experts can distinguish identities through meticulous handwriting analysis, it may be more difficult for a biometrical system to accurately analyze differences in handwriting for each individual person. This is because a person’s handwriting can change depend on various things such as the mood of the person. Also some people may write similarly or use forgery to try to dupe the system. KEYSTROKE: Keystroke analysis is another method which may be seen as not as reliable as some of the other methods for collecting biometric information. Although it has the advantage of being able to simultaneously authenticate a user while he/she is still within the work session, keystroke analysis scores low for universality, uniqueness, permanence, and performance. It also has medium scores for collectability, acceptability, and circumvention. This may be due to the behavioral aspect of typing which can be easily changed if a person learns to type in different ways. GAIT: Gait scores medium in universality and circumvention. Gait has low scores in uniqueness, permanence, and performance. Gait also has high scores in collectability and acceptability. Of all the various methods for collecting biometric data, some of the most reliable methods (according to the table by A.K. Jain et. Al) are iris scanning, retinal scanning, facial thermograph, fingerprint analysis, and DNA analysis. Some of the least reliable methods are keystroke analysis, signature analysis, and voice analysis. Overall, it appears that physiological data is seen as a more reliable method for collecting data than behavioral data. III. BIOMETRIC SYSTEM A. BIOMETRIC SYSTEM A biometrical system although seemingly complicated, has only two main steps, regardless of the methodology or the technology used to facilitate it. The system begins with a process called enrollment which is when the biometric information from individual users is collected and stored within a database and translated into a code or graph. In some instances data may be stored on a smart card which can be carried away with the user. The next operation of the biometrical system is called testing. During this portion of the system, biometrical data is detected and compared with that which is in the database. In order for a biometrical system to be robust, it is necessary that the storage and retrieval of data within the system be highly secured. (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Biometric_system_diagram.png/800px-) A biometrical system can carry out two main functions. These include verification or identification. In verification, the system’s objective is to authenticate the user in conjunction with another method such as a smart card, a username, or a password. With identification, the system’s intention is to authenticate the user only on the basis of the biometrical data alone. The goal of this function is to identify the user according to the closest match within the allowable limit of the system. B. PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS The performance of a biometric system’s technology can be broken down into a variety of probability descriptions. These descriptions indicate the level of accuracy the system is able to achieve. FAR- The first measurement is entitled False Accept Rate. This measurement determines the likeliness of a biometric system incorrectly accepting access to the system by an un-authorized user. This measurement is calculated by dividing the number of false acceptances by the number of times an identification attempt has been made. FRR- The second measurement is called a False Rejection Rate which measures the probability that a biometric system will incorrectly reject an authorized user from using the system. This number is calculated by dividing the number of false rejections by the number of authentication attempts. EER- Equal error rate stands for the rate at which FAR and FRR are equal. This measurement can be used to compare two different biometric systems. Whichever biometric system has a lower EER is considered to be a more accurate system than the other. ROC- Receiver operating characteristics deals with the system’s accuracy within certain environments as it relates to False Rejection and False Acceptance Rate results. FTE- FTE stands for failure to enroll rate. This measurement is calculated as a percentage of the data which failed to pass through the system due to invalidity. Failure to enroll typically happens when the sample data is of poor quality and does not match the data which is stored in the database of the system. FTC- FTC is the failure to capture rate. This measurement measures the probability that the system will fail to pick up on a biometric characteristic when it is presented accurately. High calculations of this measurement typically mean that this authentication method will be difficult as well as frustrating to use. C. SUSCEPTIBLE AREAS OF ATTACK FOR BIOMETRICS The three most susceptible areas of vulnerability for attack of a biometric system are: 1) Copied-biometric attacks- where the attacker obtains a substitute for the true biometric sample in order to cause proper authentication to occur via the normal system procedures. 2) Replay attacks- where perpetrators obtain valid templates from the original user and then use them to directly dupe the biometric system. 3) Database attacks- where perpetrators access a template database and obtain the ability to replace valid templates with invalid ones. IV. ISSUES WITH BIOMETRICS A. IDENTITY THEFT ISSUE Although the ideal goal of biometrical authentication is to have ultimate prevention of identity theft, the issue of an illegitimate user having the ability to commit identity theft still exists within biometrics and can have even more dire circumstances than with non-biometrical authentication systems. Depending on the method used to collect the biometrical data, a person’s identity can be stolen easily. An example of this would be in the case of fingerprints which can be taken from inanimate objects such as glassware or metal objects and then duplicated in order to be used to dupe a biometrical system. The main problem concerning this issue is in the fact that if an individual’s identification is stolen by another, the legitimate user may never be able to undo the damage which has been created because, unlike with non-biometrical authentication, once biometrical data has been compromised, it is compromised for the entirety of the legitimate user’s existence. One proposed possible solution for solving the issue of identity theft is to only use a portion of the biometric data, so that if the data does become compromised, it will not be entirely lost. This way, if one part of the data is stolen, another part of the original user’s biometric data can be used to replace it. B. PRIVACY ISSUE Privacy can also be a staggering issue with the implementation of a biometrical system from a societal standpoint. Many people may not care to have all of their biological characteristics recorded on some medium for a variety of reasons. One concern is that if information is recorded on systems used at more than one location or by more than one entity, an individual’s movements can be tracked preventing anonymity. Safety of the legitimate users can become compromised, if malevolent individuals choose to target that person in order to obtain their goal. Another issue regarding privacy involves physical harm which can be done to an individual using a biometrical system. Physical harm can occur by use of unsanitary instruments used in the technology to obtain the biometrical information, which may cause the system to be considered unsafe. Another issue regarding privacy lies with the administrative ability to misuse user’s biometrical data without the consent of those users. Currently, few regulations exist to protect biometric information of individuals. C. SENSOR OBSTACLES Different types of technology (hardware & software) used within different biometrical systems can counteract one another, making it difficult to have standardized biometrical data. One of the reasons this problem exists is because each vendor of biometrical technology generates their own encryption methods for the recorded information. Unfortunately, many of these encryption methods do not coincide with one another making the use of biometrical systems more difficult and less efficient. The only way unification of the different biometrical systems can occur is by a standardizing process which would require exposing of all the concealed data. Unfortunately, this can also present a serious threat. D. FAILURE TO MEET PARAMETERS Another issue concerning implementation of biometrics is in the issue of a system’s failure to meet parameters. In order for biometrical data to be interminable, the biological characteristic must be unique, universal, acceptable, collectible, reliable in regards to the performance and circumvention of the technology used to collect the data, but most importantly, the data must be permanent, which is the most fragile issue concerning the parameters of biometrical data. Unfortunately, most if not all biological characteristics are not guaranteed to be permanent. Many of them can be compromised via accidents, health problems or alterations such as surgery. V. CURRENT USES OF BIOMETRICS Although the field of biometrics as a whole is still in need of major development before widespread implementation will ever occur there are some entities including private industry and governmental agencies which currently utilize biometrical technology. Certain examples of American organizations which currently use biometric technology include: 1) Walt Disney World: Walt Disney World uses fingerprint analysis technology to authenticate the fingerprints of guests in order to ensure that season tickets are used by the authorized ticket owner. This is in order to prevent lost sales through ticket sharing, as well as thefts. 2) First Tech Credit Union: First Tech Credit Union is an Oregon based credit union which utilizes keystroke recognition technology for authentication of users on its online website. 3) Casinos: Over 100 American casinos such as the Imperial Palace casino in Las Vegas use facial recognition technology to identify and prevent known cheaters or dishonest patrons from entering into their establishments. 4) Missing Children’s Clearinghouse: A West Virginia based organization entitled Missing Children’s Clearinghouse uses biometric technology which utilizes scanned digital photographs to search for missing children. 5) Citibank Singapore: Citibank in Singapore uses fingerprint scanning technology for customers who use their clear platinum card for point-of-sale purchases. 6) Coca Cola: Coca Cola uses hand scanning machines to replace time cards for employees in order to document worker time keepinsg records. 7) Welfare crack-down: New Jersey as well as six other states use biometric technology to crack down on individuals who abuse the welfare system by claiming benefits in multiple names. 8) Notebooks: Computer products such as the Compaq Armada E500 are being developed to use fingerprint scanning technology to verify the identity of the user. 9) Prisons: Up to 100 American Prisons use biometric technology to regulate methadone dispersement among prisoners. VI. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMETRICS Since the occurrence of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, a surge in the demand for biometric technology has begun. Stocks in publically trade biometric companies such as Visionics, Viisage Technology, and Indentix have soared with the overall biometric technology industry projected to have revenues approaching $10 billion dollars annually by 2020. Emerging trends for future uses of biometric technology seem to lean more towards law enforcement, homeland security, and security within certain types of private industry such as in airport security or finance. Many credit card companies such as Mastercard and Visa are beginning to implement biometric authentication methods to verify card users. Also, the Immigration and Naturalization Service may begin implementing biometric technologies to identify illegal immigrants. Certain types of biometric technology which are becoming more widespread include access control facial recognition technology which is used to permit only authorized individuals to enter upon certain facilities, facial recognition passive surveillance technology which is used to monitor premises in order to identify possible terrorists or suspect individuals, and alert management which includes the use of real-time technology in association with biometric technology to provide security alerts of potential security breaches. Applications which use biometric technology will also have an effect on commerce, particularly in e-commerce to provide extra security for online purchases, and installation within certain personal items such as cars and cell phones. VII. CONCLUSION Although not that long ago, the concept of having biometric technology as a part of our mainstream society may have been seen as a science-fictional impossibility, technological innovation has grown to the point where it is becoming more and more of a reality. Although we are not quite ready for widespread implementation of this technology, as the need for better hi-tech security increases, research as well as investor and consumer confidence and innovation within the biometric industry is also expected to improve. Although no single biometric system method is without flaws, combinations of these various methods and technologies may provide the ideal security that we hope to attain one day. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY There was difficulty in determining the real students of the University of Baguio because of the hard-headed students who cannot abide with the simple rules and regulations which was the reoccurring problems of the security. Due to this problem, the â€Å"mandos† and â€Å"magnas† can easily enter the school’s premises victimizing a lot of students. This was one of the reasons why such simple violations became a huge problem for the school. Regarding this matter, the group came up with an idea for a topic for their action research. Before they finalize their topic, the group went to the Office of the Student Affairs and interviewed the dean to know which rules are commonly violated by the students. After the interview, the group determined that the rules which are commonly violated are: a) wearing of I.Ds inside the school campus; and b) wearing of uniforms on the designated days. The group then convened and finalized their topic that would focus on â€Å"A proposed Biometric ID system to control the reoccurring violations by University of Baguio students.† Since there was already a topic to be talked about in the research, the group started to gather data which were relevant to the research proper like that of related studies and researches and terms that are significant to the study. After collecting relevant information for the research, the group prepared communication letters addressed to the deans of the different schools of the University and respondents likewise with the survey questionnaire. Upon approval of the deans of the different schools, the group administered the questionnaires to the respondents. The survey forms were distributed to the eleven schools of the University having ten (10) respondents each to see which results have the same percentage which were used to know the reasons behind these actions. After distributing the survey questionnaires, the group then retrieve the questionnaires and start tabulating the results. The tabulated data showed the reasons why the students violate these simple policies of the school. The result of the survey supported the proposal that were passed to the Board of Directors. The group then proposed the biometric ID system that will be put up in every entrances and exits of the buildings in the University. The biometric ID system will most likely be very costly but disregarding such amount, the administration will approve it and immediately ordered the said system. By the time the systems that had been ordered arrive, the people designated by the higher ops will put up such systems on the designated areas to make the University a safe and humane place to study. CONCLUSION In light of the findings, the following conclusions are hereby presented: Not wearing of ID has been a habit of the students. Sometimes the teachers themselves forget to check their students ID. The security guard also are not lenient in checking the IDs of these students. Because of this attitude most number of the student no longer uses their IDs. The students think that it is just fine not use their IDs. The researchers are found out that the school really need a biometric ID system. Approximately, one unit of the biometric system will cost more or less two hundred fifty thousand pesos. In such case the University of Baguio can still afford this system since it does not only help the students but it can also secure their safety With the help of this proposal it will lessen the burden of the security personnel. This proposal can also lessen the number of students violating the proper use of IDs. In such situation students can no longer use any ID because of the presence of finger prints. The students whether they like it or not would still be forced to use their IDs. Also, this proposal can help in the security of the school campus because outsiders can no longer come in because of the presence of finger prints. RECOMMENDATION Drawing from the conclusions that the researchers arrived at, the following recommendations are forwarded. The researchers would recommend the strict implementation of the rules and regulations of the university and the maintenance of the biometric ID system. In addition, each of the gates should be closed. Also, the lenient checking on the wearing of IDs should be done. The guards should monitor every student entering the university. In case the students lost their IDs, we recommend that a password that would allow them to enter would be provided by the OSA during the time of the ID’s loss. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS * Addiction Today, Sept. 27, 2008. â€Å"Prisons Use Biometrics to Manage Methadone.† * Germain, Jack M., Sept. 11, 2003. â€Å"Beyond Biometrics: New Strategies for Security. * New York Times, Nov. 15, 2008. â€Å"Technology and Media, a Surge in the Demand to use Biometrics. * Osborn, Alice, Aug. 17, 2005. â€Å"Future of Biometrics-Trends and Emerging Uses for Biometric Technology. * Panko, Raymond R., Corporate Computer and Network Security. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2004. * Risk Management, Mar. 15, 2005. â€Å"Biometrics: The Future is Now. * Technology and Human Values Senior Seminar, 2008. â€Å"Biometrics. * Tilton, Catherine J., Feb. 2006. â€Å"The Role of Biometrics in Enterprise Security. * Wikepedia, Nov. 13, 2008. â€Å"Biometrics.† ONLINE * http://www.addictiontoday.org/addictiontoday/2008/09/prisons-use-bio.html. * http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/31547.html?wlc=1226777438 * .http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E0DB163EF934A25751C1A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 * http://www.video-surveillance-guide.com/future-of-biometrics.htm * http://www.riskmanagementmagazine.com.au/articles/FF/0C02DDFF.asp?Type=124&Category=1240 * http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/power/ps1q06-20050132-Tilton-OE.pdf >. * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrics#cite_note-jain_short_article-20 >.